Introduction
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and IPIECA, the global oil and gas industry association for environmental and social issues, partnered to develop this Atlas. We believe our organizations represent distinct yet complementary perspectives on the public-private sector spectrum. By working together, we endeavoured to facilitate a shared understanding of how the oil and gas industry can most effectively support the achievement of the SDGs and the 2030 Agenda.
Objective of the practice
The Atlas offers a broad overview of opportunities and challenges, in order to demonstrate the actual and potential contributions of every part of the oil and gas sector to the achievement of the SDGs—from exploration and production through to pipelines, refining, transportation and retail. The Atlas outlines the typical roles and responsibilities of key stakeholders in enhancing the industry’s contribution to sustainable development. It presents examples of good practice in the industry, alongside existing knowledge and resources on sustainable development that could help the industry make useful contributions to the SDGs.
The Atlas presents the SDGs goal by goal, focusing on the contribution the oil and gas industry can make to each goal by integrating it into core business operations and by identifying opportunities for oil and gas companies to collaborate with other stakeholders and leverage experiences and resources in support of the goal. Each chapter also includes case studies of innovative and sustained efforts by companies, often working collaboratively. The practices outlined in the Atlas have been carried out over several years – many of which are ongoing.
Our hope is that this work will enable key oil and gas industry actors and their partners to identify how the industry can support countries in achieving the 2030 Agenda. UNDP, IFC and IPIECA hope that the Atlas will inspire action that leverages the transformative power of collaboration and partnership.
Key stakeholders and partnerships
Governments; Oil and gas companies; Civil society; Local communities; Development partners (multilateral institutions and bilateral donors); Institutional investors (banks, pension funds, insurance companies); Insurers.
Implementation of the Project/Activity
This Atlas is global-reaching. It highlights how the oil and gas industry can and does contribute to the SDGs at all stages of the oil and gas lifecycle and at different project levels. The Atlas includes ideas for and case studies of collaboration and partnerships which cover a range of geographical locations: Africa, Angola, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Europe, France, Guyana, Indonesia, Italy, Kenya, Kuwait, Malaysia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Oman, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, USA and Yemen.
These case studies are efforts by oil and gas companies, involving the consultation of and collaboration with several groups of key stakeholders: Governments, which are ultimately responsible for implementing the SDGs; Oil and gas companies, which have the responsibility to adhere to the law, respect human rights and minimize the negative impacts of their operations, and which have opportunities to maximize the positive contributions they make to society; Civil society organizations, which monitor the implementation of the SDGs, provide input from under-represented segments of society on the strategies for achieving the goals, disseminate information to the public and help to form multi-stakeholder partnerships; Local communities, which are often the stakeholders most directly affected by the impacts the SDGs seek to address; Development partners, including multilateral institutions and bilateral donors, which can provide financial, technical, managerial and capacity-building support to other stakeholders; Institutional investors, such as banks, pension funds and insurance companies, which have an opportunity to raise awareness of the SDGs and encourage companies throughout their investment chains to take actions that support the goals; Insurers, which, as risk managers and carriers, can contribute to the SDGs by embedding relevant goals in their decision-making and increasing understanding of how alignment with the SDGs can affect the financial performance of oil and gas companies.
The examples have involved the consultation of and collaboration with several groups of key stakeholders, which can take a number of approaches, outlined in the Atlas: Formal partnerships, generally codified by a signed agreement that details the respective duties and the intended results, are a common method of collaboration; Owing to their often-longstanding relationships with stakeholders ranging from governments and civil society to development partners and industry members, oil and gas companies are well positioned to use their reach to build connections between these groups and to facilitate collaboration to address complex challenges related to the SDGs; Information sharing is critical to meaningful engagement with local communities, the host government or civil society when designing and targeting development initiatives. The SDGs present a valuable platform to pursue multi-stakeholder global development agendas; Participation in collaborative efforts can include providing technical or project management skills, raising awareness or encouraging employee volunteerism; Companies can provide financial support for social investment programmes that address impacts related to the SDGs; Foundations, trusts or funds are another approach companies sometimes take to deliver community investments that successfully mobilize resources and stakeholders to address the SDGs.
Results/Outputs/Impacts
The Atlas outlines the contributions, impacts (both positive and negative) and opportunities the oil and gas industry can make for each goal. It is intended to facilitate conversation on, and greater awareness of, the ways in which oil and gas companies, working both individually and collaboratively with governments, communities, civil society and other partners, can help to achieve the SDGs.
A broad range of case studies are outlined in the Atlas, including local initiatives that address socio-economic and environmental challenges; Global programmes that raise awareness of sustainability issues; Investment in infrastructure, research, development and technology. Examples of these include partnerships between oil and gas companies and governments and the creation of new frameworks, policies and guidance to set standards for other companies and operators; Collaboration and engagement with local people, providing training courses, knowledge-sharing opportunities, creating direct jobs or microfinancing other small businesses and utilising existing services in these communities; Conserving natural habitats and vital local resources/incomes, and educating people/raising awareness of the importance of biodiversity and its conservation; Providing or encouraging equal opportunities for all parts of society; Providing access to energy, clean water, and a means to understanding and preventing serious health risks; Adopting low carbon emissions initiatives and reducing pollution, investing in alternative fuels and increasing the use of waste products. Companies will see initiatives they are already implementing or in which they are already participating, but will also discover new links between their existing activities and the SDGs. Some may find inspiration to try something completely new. Civil society and communities may uncover approaches in the Atlas that help them to support new partnerships or initiatives. National and local governments may see opportunities to link policies, regulatory activity and funding to the SDGs. By mapping the linkages between the oil and gas industry and the SDGs, the Atlas encourages oil and gas companies to further incorporate relevant SDGs into their business and operations, validate their current efforts and spark new ideas. If replicated and applied widely, the practices and examples presented in the Atlas could make important contributions to the SDGs.
The Atlas aims to facilitate three outcomes: Enhanced understanding of the relationship between the SDGs and the oil and gas industry; Increased awareness of the opportunities and challenges that the SDGs pose for the oil and gas industry and its stakeholders, and the ways in which the industry might address them; Multi-stakeholder dialogue and collaboration towards enhancing the contribution of the oil and gas sector to the achievement of the SDGs.
Enabling factors and constraints
Oil and gas development has historically contributed to some of the challenges that the SDGs seek to address—climate change and environmental degradation, population displacement, economic and social inequality, armed conflicts, gender-based violence, tax evasion and corruption, increased risk of certain health problems, and the violation of human rights. In recent decades, the industry has made advances in avoiding, mitigating and managing such impacts and risks and the Atlas points to such good practices and examples.
Achieving sustainable development requires multisectoral and multi-disciplinary approaches and many of the challenges the SDGs address are beyond an individual company’s capabilities or control. To realize the full potential to contribute to the achievement of the goals, oil and gas companies should engage in meaningful multi-stakeholder dialogue with relevant actors locally and nationally to identify joint SDG priorities and collectively define potential coordinated responses to the SDGs in the local context. In addition to what we hope will be broader and more comprehensive uptake of the SDGs among oil and gas companies globally, success will also require substantial and sustained partnership between national and local governments, the private sector, communities and civil society, development agencies and other stakeholders.
A particular challenge for the industry is its role in climate change. While oil and gas have enabled industrialization and human development, their use has also contributed to the rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide, which in turn has contributed to a warming of the climate system. By endorsing the 2030 Agenda, the world agreed to deliver the SDGs while also addressing the risks of climate change. The Atlas emphasizes that the oil and gas industry must be a key part of the solution to address climate change. While there is no single pathway to a net-zero GHG emissions future, the Atlas presents a number of actions that could contribute to the transition in order to stabilize atmospheric GHG concentrations and global temperatures in line with the Paris climate agreement.
Sustainability and replicability
By mapping the linkages between the oil and gas industry and the SDGs, the aim of this Atlas is to encourage oil and gas companies to further incorporate relevant SDGs into their business and operations, validate their current efforts and spark new ideas. If replicated and applied widely, the practices and examples presented in the Atlas could make important contributions to the SDGs.
The relevance of each SDG to a company depends on a number of variables, including the location, size, duration, project stage and public policies governing the company’s activities, as well as the company’s position in the value chain. Some SDGs might apply to a company globally, while others might only be relevant at the operational level, or to certain projects, or at certain stages of a project’s lifecycle. For example, SDGs prioritized during the exploration stage could be different to those prioritized during the production stage.
Different implications and challenges will apply for companies conducting different operations. Different types of companies will need to prioritize and operationalize the SDGs in different ways. The direct impacts of the operations of a non-integrated company focused on one aspect of the industry, for instance, oil exploration, will differ from those of a company solely refining crude oil and, as a result, the companies will differ on how they prioritize the SDGs. Integrated companies, which work on all aspects of the chain from upstream to downstream, will have direct impacts on a broader range of SDGs. In addition, service companies may have potential impacts on a number of the SDGs, based on the type and location of services they provide to the industry. Finally, prioritization of the SDGs by state-owned or national oil companies (NOCs), which often have exclusive control of that country’s oil and gas resources, may be similar to that of international oil companies (IOCs). NOCs may also have similar priorities to those of their respective governments, enabling them to align with national implementation efforts to address the SDGs.
Some successful case studies outlined in the Atlas have contributed to socio-economic sustainability and resilience. For example, several projects have provided local opportunities for jobs, education, trade and therefore have contributed to economic development in these areas. Some companies have set up programmes to utilise waste products and excess energy, of which some have resulted in successful cost-effective partnerships between local businesses and oil and gas operations. Several companies have also implemented more energy-efficient operations and practices that reduce excess emissions in order to conserve the environment and protect local resources and incomes. Through collaborations, knowledge-sharing, partnerships and joint initiatives with other parts of society, new policies, frameworks and guidance have been developed to encourage widespread adoption of good practice in industry at all stages of the project lifecyle.
Conclusions
Some overall conclusions from the Atlas that can guide action and stimulate further debate and research include: The oil and gas industry has the potential to contribute to all 17 SDGs; The scope and nature of typical oil and gas activities point to some SDGs where there are particularly strong opportunities to contribute; There are opportunities to integrate SDGs into core business activities of oil and gas companies; Oil and gas companies can benefit from collaborating with stakeholders to broaden their impact and enhance their ability to leverage additional resources to achieve the SDGs; The SDGs are frequently interlinked and indivisible, requiring approaches that ensure synergies and manage trade-offs.
Other sources of information
See ‘Resources’ section of the Atlas for full reading list. Selected resources for further reading: Impact 2030. Global private sector led collaboration to mobilize volunteers to advance the achievement of the SDGs: https://www.impact2030.com/; IFC 2015. The Art and Science of Benefits Sharing: https://www.commdev.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/IFC-Art-and-Science-of-Benefits-Sharing-Final.pdf; IFC 2012. IFC Sustainability Framework: https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/sustainability-at-ifc/policies-standards/ifcsustainabilityframework_2012; IPIECA 2006. Partnerships in the Oil and Gas Industry: http://www.ipieca.org/resources/good-practice/partnerships-in-the-oil-and-gas-industry/; PwC 2015. Make it your business: Engaging with the Sustainable Development Goals: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/sustainability/SDG/SDG%20Research_FINAL.pdf; The Global Goals for Sustainable Development 2016. Global Goals: https://www.globalgoals.org/; United Nations 2015. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld; World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) 2016. Action 2020: https://www.wbcsd.org/Overview/About-us/Action2020
Goal 1
1.1 - By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day
1.4 - By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance
1.5 - By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters
1.a - Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions
Goal 2
2.1 - By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round
2.3 - By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment
2.4 - By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality
2.a - Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries
Goal 3
3.3 - By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases
3.4 - By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being
3.5 - Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol
3.6 - By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents
3.8 - Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all
3.9 - By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination
3.d - Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks
Goal 4
4.1 - By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes
4.3 - By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university
4.4 - By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship
4.5 - By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations
4.7 - By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable development
4.b - By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, for enrolment in higher education, including vocational training and information and communications technology, technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in developed countries and other developing countries
Goal 5
5.1 - End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere
5.2 - Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation
5.5 - Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life
5.a - Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws
5.b - Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women
Goal 6
6.1 - By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
6.3 - By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally
6.4 - By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity
6.5 - By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate
6.6 - By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes
6.a - By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies
6.b - Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management
Goal 7
7.1 - By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services
7.2 - By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix
7.3 - By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency
7.a - By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology
7.b - By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States, and land-locked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support
Goal 8
8.2 - Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high-value added and labour-intensive sectors
8.3 - Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services
8.4 - Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, with developed countries taking the lead
8.5 - By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value
8.7 - Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms
8.8 - Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment
8.9 - By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products
8.10 - Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all
Goal 9
9.1 - Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all
9.2 - Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industry’s share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries
9.3 - Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets
9.4 - By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities
9.5 - Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending
9.b - Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities
Goal 10
10.1 - By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average
10.2 - By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status
Goal 11
11.3 - By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries
11.4 - Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage
11.6 - By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management
11.a - Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning
11.b - By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels
Goal 12
12.2 - By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources
12.4 - By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment
12.5 - By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse
12.8 - By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature
12.a - Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production
12.c - Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities
Goal 13
13.1 - Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries
13.2 - Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning
13.3 - Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
13.a - Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible
13.b - Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
* Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international,
intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.
Goal 14
14.1 - By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution
14.2 - By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans
14.3 - Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels
14.7 - By 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small Island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism
14.a - Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries
Goal 15
15.1 - By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements
15.2 - By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally
15.3 - By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world
15.5 - Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species
15.8 - By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species
15.9 - By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts
Goal 16
16.1 - Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere
16.3 - Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all
16.4 - By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime
16.5 - Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms
16.6 - Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels
16.7 - Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels
16.10 - Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements
Goal 17
17.1 - Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection
17.3 - Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources
17.7 - Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed
17.16 - Enhance the global partnership for sustainable development, complemented by multi-stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to support the achievement of the sustainable development goals in all countries, in particular developing countries
17.17 - Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships
Data, monitoring and accountability
Start: 24 July, 2017